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There are challenges to replacing traditional fossil fuels completely, so producing efficient green biofuels is crucial. In this work, waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) was used as raw material to produce biofuel through pyrolytic catalysis cracking (PCC) over alkaline catalysts as CaO-MgO with various dopants at 0, 3, 6 and 9 wt% K2O contents. The WCPO reacted within the atmospheric pressure without purging gases at 500, 525 and 550 °C, respectively. Catalysts were characterized by many techniques, including TG/DTG, XRD, XRF, BET and FE-SEM. The Hammett indicator-benzoic acid titration method was applied to measure the basicity of the catalysts. The pyrolytic-liquid product was separated from the water to collect the pyrolytic oil (PO). Then, PO was characterized by TGA/DTG, CHNO, FTIR and GC-MS. The high heating value (HHV) was calculated following Dulong’s formula. The PO was distilled following an ASTM D86 method to divide into gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The properties of biofuels, such as density, kinematic viscosity and acidity, were measured. The results found that K2O was successfully impregnated on an alkaline catalyst using an incipient wetness impregnation technique supported by XRD and XRF results. The basicity of the catalyst increased with increasing K2O contents. K2O not only enhanced the pyrolytic-liquid product yield but also significantly reduced the oxygenated compounds in biofuel through the deoxygenation process to improve biofuel quality. The different reaction temperatures were observed in which reaction in low temperatures provided incompletely cracking heavy hydrocarbon, and more gas product occurred at the high reaction temperature. Surprisingly, the oxygenated compounds of WCPO were transferred to hydrocarbon by deoxygenation reactions confirmed by GC-MS and FTIR results. The highest pyrolytic oil yield was approximately 92%, obtained from 3 wt% K2O-MgO/CaO and 525 °C. In this condition, pyrolytic oil was completely distilled to get gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The kinematic viscosity and density were under ASTM standards except for acidity. Remarkably, the acidity of biofuel was reduced by over 89% compared to raw material. |
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